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Expert Comment: In Claude We Trust? Evaluating the New Constitution

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Professor Yuval Shany. Image credit Ian Wallman.

On January 21, 2026Anthropic published its New Constitution for Claude – a series of Large Language Models (LLMsthat perform general-purpose generative AI functions. The Constitution – a84-page document – is presented as a foundational document that both expresses and shapes who Claude is. It also enumerates actions that Claude should refrain from undertaking (hard constraints), and identifies considerations the system should weigh when deciding whether to perform certain actions  

A few weeks after the Constitution was published, Anthropic faced two realworld situations in which its normative outer-boundaries were tested: Its showdown with the US Department of War (DoW), regarding legal limits on the utilization of Claude; and its actual use for targeting by the US military in the war in Iran.  

These developments highlight the importance of introducing strong human rights safeguards into the Constitution 

No place for human rights? 

According to the Constitution, Claude should conform to four sets of values, applied in the following hierarchical order: Safety, ethics, compliance with Anthropic guidelines and helpfulness. Put differently, Claude should strive to assist users, unless instructed by Anthropic not to do so, or if it deems the request to be unethical or unsafe.  

The Constitution also introduces a number of hard constraints – specific nogo areas, which should never be attempted, including attempting to kill or disempower the vast majority of humanity or the human species as whole or assisany individual or group with an attempt to seize unprecedented and illegitimate degrees of absolute societal, military, or economic control 

While some ethical standards enumerated in the Constitution overlap with human rights – e.g., privacy, protection from harmrule of law, equal treatment, the right to access information and political freedom – the document does not explicitly mention the term human rights. This is in contrast to the 2023 version of the constitution which referred to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  

This means that many important human rightprotections that could be relevant to the operation of Claude – for example, the right to liberty, freedom of religion and the right to intellectual property – have not been clearly integrated into the Constitution.  

Anthropic vs the US Department of War 

Shortly after the promulgation of the Constitution, Anthropic was mentioned in the news in two dramatic contexts – both underscoring the importance of developing effective normative backstops.  

First, on March 2026, the Department oWar designated Anthropic a supplychain risk due to its refusal to allow the Department to use Claude for mass domestic surveillance purposes and for operating lethal autonomous weapon systemsInstead, the DoW signed a contract with OpenAI for the provision of substitute AI systems.   

As Dr. Brianna Rosen from the Blavatnik School of Government explained, the insistence of the DoW on being able to use AI systems for any lawful use left in place a governance gap, since US law (and, in fact, also international law) does not clearly ban, under all circumstances, mass surveillance or the use of autonomous weapon systems.  

Delineating the permissible scope of such extraordinary capabilities through contractual negotiations between the U.S. government and Anthropic (or OpenAI) appears to provide weaker human rights guarantees than embedding universally accepted protections directly in the AI system itself, through a Constitution or a comparable normative framework. This is especially so given the difficulties of monitoring and enforcing state compliance in sensitive domains such as national security.  

Dr. Rosen is also right to point out that the negotiating position of Anthropic on mass surveillance, which focuses on domestic surveillance only, may already fall short of international human rights standards in the field, which capture foreign surveillance too 

Secondly, it has been widely reported that Claude systems, still in use by the US military, have been employed in the war in Iran for target selection purposes. It has also been speculated – albeit without hard evidence – that the use of AI systems may have contributed to one high-profile operational mistake (the targeting of an Iranian school) by reason of reliance on out-of-date maps of the attacked area.  

Here again, questions arise as to whether the Constitution, as currently drafted, contains appropriate safeguards against reliance on AI systemin contexts involving lethal consequences.  

Arguably, a more human rights-oriented approach would include within the system’s constitutional norms an explicit requirement that any use of the AI system in armed conflict comply with the basic principles of international humanitarian law (which give effect also to human rights principles)including flagging precautionary obligations such as realtime target verification before attacks are recommended 

In this policy space, reliance on AI systems may not only result in operational mistakes; it might also perpetuate accountability gaps (enabling humans to blame outcomes on the AI)In such cases, embedding human rights by design within the AI system’s constitution which governs its operation could offer a much more effective level of protection against violations of basic individual rights.   

Read an expanded edition of this article (co-written with Dr. Noa Mor, Prof. Renana Keydar and Prof. Omri Abend) via the Institute for Ethics in AI blog. 



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Road to Literacy campaign reaches 2,010 South African schools

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More than 2,000 primary schools and education non-profit organizations (NPOs) across South Africa will receive new mobile trolley library resources in 2026 as the AVBOB Road to Literacy campaign expands to its largest scale yet, introducing braille-inclusive trolley libraries for the first time.

Announced at a Johannesburg event attended by Minister of Basic Education Siviwe Gwarube, the initiative will deliver 2,000 trolley libraries to under-resourced primary schools and NPOs nationwide. Each mobile trolley contains 500 Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) aligned books, bringing the total number of books distributed this year to one million. The campaign continues to prioritize communities with limited access to quality reading materials.

The AVBOB Road to Literacy campaign was launched in partnership with OUP Southern Africa in 2022 to help address South Africa’s literacy challenges by providing primary schools and education NPOs with mobile classroom libraries filled with CAPS-aligned books. The initiative focuses on the Foundation and Intermediate Phases and is designed to give learners more regular access to age-appropriate reading materials that supports literacy and numeracy.

A major development in 2026 is the introduction of 10 braille-inclusive trolley libraries for selected schools and organizations that support blind and partially sighted learners, bringing the total number of trolley libraries to 2,010. Each of the braille trolleys contain more than 100 braille anthologies and 350 sighted Aweh! readers, and make it possible for blind, partially sighted, and sighted children to engage with the same stories.

Karen Simpson

Managing Director of OUP Southern Africa

“The need for books that children can see themselves in, and access in ways that are meaningful for them, has never been clearer. Bringing braille into Road to Literacy for the first time is an important step forward. It allows more learners to experience the joy of story, language, and learning, while creating opportunities for shared reading across classrooms and communities.”

From 2022, to 2026, the AVBOB Road to Literacy campaign has donated 3,893 trolley libraries and distributed approximately two million books, reaching just under 4,000 beneficiary schools and education NPOs. With the 2026 rollout now donating braille libraries, the initiative continues to grow in scale while widening the kinds of learners it can reach.

Minister of Basic Education Siviwe Gwarube noted: “Partnerships with business can go a long way towards improving educational outcomes in the country. AVBOB has been an incredible partner to the education sector, and their trolley libraries are bridging the literacy gap in under-resourced schools. The inclusion of braille books in this year’s trolley libraries will ensure that even learners with visual impairments are not left behind in the literacy journey. Access to knowledge and the joy of reading must extend to every child, regardless of their circumstance. We must work collaboratively as business, government, and society to build a just and equitable education system.”

Nakedi Pilane, Executive Director: Business Development and Financial Services at AVBOB, said: The increasing demand for trolley libraries has been one of the clearest indicators of the initiative’s value. Schools that initially received a single trolley now request additional resources to support the momentum they see in their learners. Teachers tell us about classrooms that feel more energized, about learners who look forward to reading time, and about children who are discovering language as an avenue to curiosity and self-expression. These shifts may appear modest, but in educational terms, they represent meaningful, long-term progress. When reading begins to take root, a community begins to unlock its potential.”

You can watch a recap of the 2026 recipient announcement ceremony here.



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10 highlights from the March 2026 Oxford English Dictionary update

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The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a historical dictionary, containing over 500,000 entries and 3.5 million quotations to capture over 1,000 years of English. We update the OED every quarter, revising versions of existing entries as well as defining new words and senses, all subtly broadening our understanding of the English language.

10 highlights from this quarter’s update 

1. This update contains more than 500 new words, phrases, and senses, including doomscrolling and to touch grass. The OED Executive Editor, Craig Leyland, shares more about the words added this quarter in our new words notes.

2. With more than 950 revised senses, we’ve updated the entries relating to various major word families, such as bounce, heal, and drop. Word groups such as these are fundamental, wide-ranging, and productive elements of English. Through the centuries they appear in new contexts, in new locations, and are adapted by people to fit their changing circumstances. For example, we now show that people have talked of bouncing babies on their knees since at least 1836, of healing gardens since 1707, and of drop nets being used by fishermen since 1695. 

3. Our entry for charismatic shows a new sense, where it’s used to designate animals as particularly appealing to humans, and therefore popular with conservation causes that use them to gain support.

4. OED editor, Jeffrey Sherwood, uncovers the history of the word snob, which originally meant almost the opposite of what it means today.

5. We also recognize jelly as an adjective to cover a more recent use meaning ‘jealous’.

6. As part of our World English programme, this release sees additions from Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, and Ireland. Find out more in our release notes by OED Executive Editor, Danica Salazar.

7. In Malaysian and Singaporean English, agak-agak denotes guesswork or estimation, and is most frequently used in the context of a particular way of cooking, in which ingredients are added based on estimation and intuition rather than accurate measurement.

8. The Hong Kong pastry, pineapple bun, does not contain pineapple, but its cracked, baked topping resembles the skin of this fruit. Meanwhile, a boodle fight is a communal meal at which different kinds of food are laid out, typically on banana leaves, and eaten with the hands.

9. Ah sure look or ah sure look it, dating to 2011 and 1986 respectively, is a colloquial phrase used by Irish people to introduce or emphasize a statement, or to express resignation or acceptance of a situation.

10. We are now providing multiple audio pronunciations for some British and U.S. transcriptions. Find out more in this commentary from Holly Dann, pronunciation editor.

Explore the update in more depth here.



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OxfordAQA enhances international assessment offer with earlier exam results and greater flexibility

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Managing Director of OxfordAQA

“At OxfordAQA, our commitment is simple: to make international exams work better for everyone. These enhancements are a direct response to what schools have told us they need. By releasing results earlier, expanding exam series, and providing greater flexibility for the International EPQ, we are helping schools tailor assessment to their teaching programmes and giving students more opportunities to succeed.”



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