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Expert Comment: In Claude We Trust? Evaluating the New Constitution

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Professor Yuval Shany. Image credit Ian Wallman.

On January 21, 2026Anthropic published its New Constitution for Claude – a series of Large Language Models (LLMsthat perform general-purpose generative AI functions. The Constitution – a84-page document – is presented as a foundational document that both expresses and shapes who Claude is. It also enumerates actions that Claude should refrain from undertaking (hard constraints), and identifies considerations the system should weigh when deciding whether to perform certain actions  

A few weeks after the Constitution was published, Anthropic faced two realworld situations in which its normative outer-boundaries were tested: Its showdown with the US Department of War (DoW), regarding legal limits on the utilization of Claude; and its actual use for targeting by the US military in the war in Iran.  

These developments highlight the importance of introducing strong human rights safeguards into the Constitution 

No place for human rights? 

According to the Constitution, Claude should conform to four sets of values, applied in the following hierarchical order: Safety, ethics, compliance with Anthropic guidelines and helpfulness. Put differently, Claude should strive to assist users, unless instructed by Anthropic not to do so, or if it deems the request to be unethical or unsafe.  

The Constitution also introduces a number of hard constraints – specific nogo areas, which should never be attempted, including attempting to kill or disempower the vast majority of humanity or the human species as whole or assisany individual or group with an attempt to seize unprecedented and illegitimate degrees of absolute societal, military, or economic control 

While some ethical standards enumerated in the Constitution overlap with human rights – e.g., privacy, protection from harmrule of law, equal treatment, the right to access information and political freedom – the document does not explicitly mention the term human rights. This is in contrast to the 2023 version of the constitution which referred to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  

This means that many important human rightprotections that could be relevant to the operation of Claude – for example, the right to liberty, freedom of religion and the right to intellectual property – have not been clearly integrated into the Constitution.  

Anthropic vs the US Department of War 

Shortly after the promulgation of the Constitution, Anthropic was mentioned in the news in two dramatic contexts – both underscoring the importance of developing effective normative backstops.  

First, on March 2026, the Department oWar designated Anthropic a supplychain risk due to its refusal to allow the Department to use Claude for mass domestic surveillance purposes and for operating lethal autonomous weapon systemsInstead, the DoW signed a contract with OpenAI for the provision of substitute AI systems.   

As Dr. Brianna Rosen from the Blavatnik School of Government explained, the insistence of the DoW on being able to use AI systems for any lawful use left in place a governance gap, since US law (and, in fact, also international law) does not clearly ban, under all circumstances, mass surveillance or the use of autonomous weapon systems.  

Delineating the permissible scope of such extraordinary capabilities through contractual negotiations between the U.S. government and Anthropic (or OpenAI) appears to provide weaker human rights guarantees than embedding universally accepted protections directly in the AI system itself, through a Constitution or a comparable normative framework. This is especially so given the difficulties of monitoring and enforcing state compliance in sensitive domains such as national security.  

Dr. Rosen is also right to point out that the negotiating position of Anthropic on mass surveillance, which focuses on domestic surveillance only, may already fall short of international human rights standards in the field, which capture foreign surveillance too 

Secondly, it has been widely reported that Claude systems, still in use by the US military, have been employed in the war in Iran for target selection purposes. It has also been speculated – albeit without hard evidence – that the use of AI systems may have contributed to one high-profile operational mistake (the targeting of an Iranian school) by reason of reliance on out-of-date maps of the attacked area.  

Here again, questions arise as to whether the Constitution, as currently drafted, contains appropriate safeguards against reliance on AI systemin contexts involving lethal consequences.  

Arguably, a more human rights-oriented approach would include within the system’s constitutional norms an explicit requirement that any use of the AI system in armed conflict comply with the basic principles of international humanitarian law (which give effect also to human rights principles)including flagging precautionary obligations such as realtime target verification before attacks are recommended 

In this policy space, reliance on AI systems may not only result in operational mistakes; it might also perpetuate accountability gaps (enabling humans to blame outcomes on the AI)In such cases, embedding human rights by design within the AI system’s constitution which governs its operation could offer a much more effective level of protection against violations of basic individual rights.   

Read an expanded edition of this article (co-written with Dr. Noa Mor, Prof. Renana Keydar and Prof. Omri Abend) via the Institute for Ethics in AI blog. 



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Celebrating highlights in literacy, digital learning and assessment, and research publishing

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Our Annual Report for 2025/26 is now available

The report shares a number of publishing highlights in research and education, as well as our continued commitment to our global communities and to operating sustainably.

Vice-Chancellor, University of Oxford

Professor Irene Tracey

“I am so incredibly proud of what OUP contributes to Oxford and the world. The dedication of the leadership and staff, board members, and academic delegates is evident in their service to the Press.

“As we collectively balance the human need to create, tell, and share stories as the world around us changes at pace, I am confident that my colleagues at OUP will continue to uphold our long-held traditions while shaping the new.”

CEO and Secretary to the Delegates, Oxford University Press

Nigel Portwood

“This has been a year of investment, innovation, and growth for OUP. Against a changing backdrop in some of our markets, we remained focused on fulfilling our mission by expanding our publishing portfolio, embracing new technologies, and developing tools and services to support learning and research across the world.”

Highlights from 2025/26

We acquired

Karger Publishers, a highly regarded medicine and health sciences publisher based in Switzerland.


1.3 million people

visited the Oxford English Hub, the home of our digital content for teaching and learning English.


We launched

Green Sparks, a strand of the Oxford Reading Tree which comprises 42 books that provide age-appropriate environmental education linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals.


We met

our target of 100% certified sustainable paper for our print publications.


We donated

more than 154,000 books to readers worldwide.


The post Celebrating highlights in literacy, digital learning and assessment, and research publishing appeared first on Oxford University Press.



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Oxford University Press sheet music now available on Simply Piano

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We’ve signed an agreement with Simply, the leading digital platform for creative hobbies, bringing select content from our acclaimed piano method to millions of Simply Piano learners worldwide.

What OUP content is available in Simply Piano?

Simply Piano users now have access to an expanded library of high-quality, curated sheet music spanning our works including Piano Time and Tunes for Ten Fingers, all within the app’s interactive learning environment.

Piano Time is one of our well-established beginner piano methods, widely appreciated for its natural progression and musical, engaging pieces. It helps students build reading, rhythm, coordination, and technique in a way that feels enjoyable rather than mechanical—which is why it has remained a trusted teaching resource for years.

Tunes for Ten Fingers is an introductory book for absolute beginners, encouraging security at every step and making learning fun.

These titles form part of our wider music publishing programme. We have long been a leader in classical music publishing, with a catalogue spanning centuries of repertoire and serving musicians from beginners to professionals. Through this collaboration, our music will now reach millions of Simply Piano hobbyists and lifelong learners worldwide.

OUP bringing sheet music content to Simply

Robin Barry, Director of Music at OUP, shared: “We are delighted to bring content from OUP’s piano method—trusted by teachers for generations—to the Simply Piano community, a platform that shares our commitment to quality and progression for aspiring musicians around the world.”

“Access to songs people love is one of the strongest drivers of learning,” said Yuval Kaminka, CEO and co-founder of Simply. “Working with OUP allows us to bring our learners and casual players sheet music of the highest editorial standard. It’s an important step in building a platform that supports learners at every stage and a proud moment for Simply.”

“What stands out in OUP’s early piano materials is the pedagogical clarity of the arrangements and pieces,” added Danny Fine, Simply Piano’s Music Pedagogy Lead. “They introduce new skills in a very structured and approachable way, which makes them especially effective for helping learners build confidence and gradually master core musical skills.”

As interest in creative hobbies grows globally, the addition of OUP’s portfolio strengthens Simply Piano’s library, giving users access to music they can both learn and enjoy.

Find out more about OUP’s sheet music here.



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New research from Oxford University Press shows how children take life lessons from books

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The findings of a new report from Oxford University Press, More than words: the real-life impact of reading, reveal how the majority of children believe that reading shapes how they treat others and helps them to navigate real-life situations.

The new research shows that three in five children (59%) believe what they have read in a book has helped them in a certain situation—such as being bullied, losing a family member, overcoming social anxiety, or starting a new school—highlighting that the benefits of reading go further than just understanding and comprehension. Other findings include:

  • Seven in ten children (70%) said that reading helps them understand why people act the way they do
  • More than two-thirds (68%) said it helps them think about how they treat other people
  • While more than half (57%) of 12-14-year-olds continue to see the value of reading, both enjoyment and frequency of reading declines; 27% of 12-14-year-olds question its value in day-to-day life, with 17% undecided.

The report is based on a survey of 3,000 children aged 7-14 years old and 200 teachers across the UK, and with insights from the Oxford Children’s Corpus—the largest living database of children’s reading and writing in English in the world, containing over 500 million words.

Reading has an impact in real-life situations

82% of children agreed that stories remind them of things that happen in real life, showing the strong connection children make between what they read and their own experiences. 

Our research also highlights the important role reading plays in helping children to understand and talk about their emotions. More than four in five children (84%) said reading helps them learn new words for feelings.  

Teachers are seeing these benefits first-hand. Almost all teachers surveyed (95%) agreed that reading helps children develop their vocabulary, while three in five said they had witnessed a pupil gain a better understanding of an emotion through reading. More than nine in ten teachers (91%) identified empathy and perspective-taking as key benefits of reading. 

Emotional themes are not confined to particular genres 

Our research suggests that children do not necessarily seek out books about emotions directly but instead gravitate towards more entertaining books which can present real-life issues and emotions in accessible ways through humour or action.  

When asked what genres they prefer to read, children said they were most drawn to funny stories (49%), adventure stories (40%), and fantasy stories (30%). However, many of the books cited alongside these genres—for example, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Lottie Brooks, and Harry Potter—explored serious topics like conflict with friends, bullying, or bereavement. 

A challenge with older readers 

While children of all ages can gain emotional insights from a wide range of books and genres, the findings suggest that, as they get older, many need help maintaining their connection with reading.

Nearly three-quarters (72%) of children aged 7-10 said they liked reading, however, this fell to 59% among 11-14-year-olds. Reading frequency also dropped, with 79% of 7-10yr olds who said they read at least once a week, compared with just 61% of those aged 11-14.  

One possible reason for this decline is that some older children do not see books as relevant to their daily lives. While 57% of 12-14-year-olds recognize the value of reading, one in four (27% of 12-year-olds; 25% of 13-year-olds; and 29% of 14-year-olds) disagreed that books had helped them navigate situations they have faced. A further 17% are neutral on the topic. 

This presents an opportunity to provide more support to help older readers discover books that reflect their experiences and interests so that they feel reading is more meaningful and engaging. 

Elizabeth Munn, Managing Director of OUP’s Education division, said: “This research shows how deeply children are engaging with the books they read and using them to make sense of the world around them. It’s incredible to see how children are actively applying what they read on a page to real life—whether that’s understanding the perspective of somebody else, navigating a situation in their own life, or reflecting on their own behaviour towards others.  

“Children are growing up in an increasingly complex world. Our research reaffirms that reading remains one of the most powerful ways to help them develop empathy, confidence, and emotional understanding—skills that are just as important as academic success in equipping them for the future.”  

The report also includes contributions from leading literacy and education organizations, including Book Aid International, EmpathyLab, and the National Literacy Trust

Read the full report here.



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