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Researchers discover that ancient floods “rewrote” civilizations along the Yangtze River

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Around 4600 years ago, the Shijiahe developed an advanced, complex culture in China’s Middle Yangtze River region – complete with palaces, city walls, sophisticated water management, and jade and pottery industries. But within a thousand years, this culture had collapsed and migrated out of the region. Until now, the reason behind this was unclear – could this civilization have been driven out by raiders from the Central Plains? Or were major changes in climate and rainfall to blame?

To investigate, the research team analysed a stalagmite from Heshang Cave in the middle Yangtze Valley to create a precisely dated “rainfall yearbook”. Stalagmites grow as rainwater droplets fall from the roof of a cave, and the dissolved minerals within deposit new layers of calcium carbonate. These accumulate to form stalagmite cave features that rise up from the floor below.

Heshang Cave, in the middle Yangtze River valley

The team performed high-precision measurements on the chemical makeup of these layers to determine their age and the amount of rainfall at the time they formed. A total of 925 sample measurements were used to infer how much yearly rainfall the middle Yangtze Valley received over a thousand-year period.

Their reconstruction showed that the valley experienced three low-rainfall intervals (less than 700 mm of rain per year) which lasted between 40 and 150 years, and two high-rainfall intervals (more than 1,000 mm per year) which lasted 80 and 140 years respectively. Comparing this to archaeological data from the region revealed that these high-rainfall periods were associated with increased flooding, widespread wetland expansion, and a significant decline in population within the valley.

The area experienced a particularly large climate and cultural shift 3,950 years ago, which coincided with the start of the longest high-rainfall interval reconstructed by the research team. During this period, excess rainfall caused lakes across the Middle Yangtze valley to expand, low-lying areas to become waterlogged, and suitable land for settlement and farming to sharply diminish. The impact of this change was significant for the Shijiahe culture; a decline in the number of archaeological remains from this time onwards indicates a pronounced drop in population which persisted for centuries. Evidence suggests that the post-Shijiahe population abandoned their urban centre in the valley and dispersed into surrounding higher elevation regions.

The work builds on Oxford’s ‘Environmental Proxies’ and ‘Climotope’ research groups’ leading excellence in pioneering and developing quantitative reconstructions of past environments. This includes ongoing research into new geochemical techniques, and continued development of mass-spectrometry and geochemistry approaches. For instance, these groups were the first to pioneer the use of calcium isotope measurements of cave stalagmites to reconstruct rainfall amount, in readily understood units (i.e. mm of rainfall per year).

Corresponding author Dr Christopher Day (Department of Earth Sciences) said: ‘It is fabulous to see this 1000-year record of rainfall-amount now available to the scientific community. Such robust data sets are fundamental for understanding the functioning of our environmental systems in times of rapid change. They also enable close collaboration with a multitude of University of Oxford research teams working to tackle environmental challenges (e.g. environmental scientists, archaeologists, climate modellers).’

The new study stems from a long-standing collaboration between Oxford and a leading paleoclimate group at China University of Geosciences, Wuhan. This enabled lead author Dr Jin Liao (China University of Geosciences) to visit the Oxford team and use their specialist milling equipment to sample a stalagmite at very-high resolution. Isotope tools developed here in Oxford were then applied to provide accurate dates and a quantitative reconstruction of past rainfall.

The HS4 stalagmite which was used to create the 'rainfall yearbook'The HS4 stalagmite which was used to create the ‘rainfall yearbook’

Co-author Professor Gideon Henderson (Department of Earth Sciences) said: ‘We’ve worked with our Chinese colleagues to understand Chinese climate change for many years, but only recently extended this work to assess how past societies in central China were impacted by changes in monsoon rainfall. The data, and the knowledge Jin brought about the Shijiahe culture, enabled us to demonstrate, for one of the first times, that high rain can cause problems for past societies, as well as drought conditions.’

According to the researchers, the findings offer valuable insights for addressing current and future environmental change. The analysis reveals that even the highest annual levels of rainfall during the period associated with the collapse of the Shijiahe civilization (1200 mm/yr) are lower than the highest yearly rainfall amounts recorded over the past 120 years (1500 mm/yr). Although modern water-management techniques have enabled this region to become a key rice-producing region in China, rising temperatures due to climate change are likely to increase the intensity of extreme floods, putting local populations at risk.

Dr. Jin Liao (China University of Geosciences, Wuhan), lead author of the study, said: ‘This not only reflects the limited adaptive capacity of ancient societies, but also highlights the critical importance of modern-day water management infrastructure, agricultural innovations, and governance systems in mitigating climate risks and safeguarding food security. Effectively managing these climate-driven extremes will thus become an essential challenge for achieving sustainable societal development in a climate-changing world.’

The study ‘Precise chronology of hydrological changes at ∼4.2 kyr in Central China to assess the impact of flooding on Neolithic societies’ has been published in National Science Review.

For more information about this story or republishing this content, please contact [email protected] 



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Rachel Reeves doubles funding for Oxford-Cambridge corridor

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Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves has announced plans for a Greater Oxford Development Corporation, which would double funding for infrastructure development across the Oxford-Cambridge corridor.

It follows a similar Development Corporation being announced for Greater Cambridge earlier this year. The Chancellor announced £800 million of combined funding for the two development corporations, incorporating the £400 million originally allocated to the Cambridge project.

Giving the annual Mais Lecture to the Bayes Business School in London, Reeves also committed an additional £500 million to supporting transport in Oxford, and pledged to “acquire land through compulsory powers” where “landowners are intransigent, or insist on unreasonable demands” to support the project. This would force landowners to sell property to allow for infrastructure developments. 

The corporation will support infrastructure development in Oxford and surrounding areas, alongside improvements to transport links across the “Oxford-Cambridge Growth Corridor”. According to the BBC, the area between Oxford and Cambridge is one of the only UK regions outside of London that is a net contributor to the UK economy. 

In a press release, Leader of Oxford City Council Susan Brown told Cherwell: “This has the potential to be a game-changer for the city, county and country. A well-designed, central-government-backed development corporation for Greater Oxford should bring both the powers and funding required to deliver the housing, infrastructure, and economic growth at scale that we urgently need.

“We have made it clear in our plan for Local Government Reorganisation that a development corporation would likely be needed to help deliver the 40,000 homes – including 16,000 affordable homes – and 12m sq foot [sic] of commercial space we are proposing as part of a new Greater Oxford Council.”

The University of Oxford has welcomed the proposal. A spokesperson for the university told Cherwell: “Oxfordshire is one of the world’s leading innovation ecosystems, but constraints in transport, utilities and housing are limiting its full potential. A government-led Development Corporation could provide the long-term coordination needed to unlock critical infrastructure, attract private investment and support sustainable, inclusive growth. 

“By bringing together national and local partners, it would help ensure that growth is well-managed and delivers tangible benefits for communities, while strengthening the region’s role in driving innovation and economic growth across the UK.”

The Government has also announced plans for a new “national forest” in the Oxford-Cambridge Corridor, holding a competition for a partner to deliver “nature recovery alongside sustainable urban growth”. It will be the second national forest under the current government, with plans to plant a new forest near Bristol announced last March.



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Oxford University’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care launches International Advisory Board

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The Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences has recently announced a new International Advisory Board (IAB) to provide independent advice and international perspectives to support the Department’s Strategy 2025-2030

The Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences is responsible for developments in academic primary care, with an emphasis on research and education. Established in 1997 with the appointment of Professor Godfrey Fowler OBE to a Personal Chair in General Practice, the department has since grown to contain more than 500 members of staff. It aims to deliver innovative approaches to primary health care both within the UK and internationally. 

The IAB has been established to support the overarching goal of extending the Department’s innovation. Professor Sir Aziz Sheikh, Head of the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, told Cherwell: “Primary care and global health are changing rapidly, and we believe an independent, international perspective strengthens our ability to respond responsibly and effectively. Our International Advisory Board (IAB) has been established to operate as a ‘critical friend’ offering a constructive challenge at a key stage in our development.”

The Department’s Strategy 2025-2030 aims to shift health policy towards a community-based primary care approach, particularly for those living with long-term conditions such as diabetes, chronic respiratory problems, and mental health disorders. Personalised care in the form of personal health management is key to the Strategy’s goal of reducing health inequalities. An environmentally-friendly and sustainable model of care is equally important in the department’s strategy, with an emphasis on support from AI capabilities and digital infrastructure. 

Professor Sheikh told Cherwell: “The world is transitioning to primary care-based models of healthcare as governments strive to achieve equitable universal health coverage. From parts of the world with more developed national health systems, it is now clear that primary care is often where pressures on health systems first appear. Drawing on experience across different countries and systems will help us anticipate trends earlier and align our research and education accordingly.

“The IAB’s role is advisory rather than operational, but it will help ensure our work remains relevant to practice and policy – globally. By providing independent scrutiny, we hope that they will support our aims of translating research into real improvements in care quality, equity, and health outcomes.  We also hope that they will help provide important insights into key opportunities to enhance our educational offerings to our undergraduate and postgraduate students.”

The board of the IAB is chaired by Victor J. Dzau, President of the National Academy of Medicine. Members of the board include David Bates and Ajay Singh of Harvard Medical School; Jenny Harries, former Chief Executive of the UK Health Security Agency; Paul Little of the University of Southampton; and Mairi Gibbs, the CEO of Oxford University Innovation. The board will hold its first meeting in April 2026 and will meet regularly to provide strategic advice to the Department’s leadership. 



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Timothée Chalamet appointed Visiting Professor of the Arts

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The French-American actor Timothée Chalamet has been appointed Visiting Professor of the Arts for 2026-2027 at the University of Oxford. The Oscar-snubbed star of Marty Supreme (2025) and Call Me By Your Name (2017) was selected for the honour on the basis of his extensive patronage of the arts, most notably in the opera and ballet sectors. 

Previous appointments to the honour of Visiting Professor at the University include Oscar-winning playwright and screenwriter Sir Tom Stoppard, acclaimed international human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, and children’s author Stephen Fry. 

Chalamet is set to take up the position at the beginning of the next academic year. The actor, best known for his role in Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar (2014) and for his current status as Kylie Jenner’s boyfriend, is expected to deliver a lecture series during Michaelmas term 2026 titled ‘What is this earth without art? Just a rock’. 

The appointment forms part of a larger move by the University to diversify the recipients of honorary positions. According to a representative of the appointing committee, Chalamet is not only the youngest person to be appointed Visiting Professor in the history of the University, but also the most unqualified yet. Similarly, the Faculty of English is currently in talks to award Jacob Elordi an honorary degree for his contribution to the understanding of feminist literature. 

In preparation for his professorship, Chalamet had intended to spray paint the Radcliffe Camera “corroded orange” in the style of his iconic Marty Supreme marketing campaign. He has since abandoned these plans after discovering that the same feat has been attempted before

Chalamet will return to Oxford this summer, having previously visited the city during the filming of the BAFTA-nominated musical fantasy film Wonka (2023). Cherwell understands that he plans to begin working on the film’s sequel during his tenure at Oxford. 

The appointment has provoked mixed reactions across the University. One student told Cherwell: “I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve watched him declare his love to Jo [in Little Women] or that one edit we’ve all seen of the dancing scene in Call Me by Your Name. It will be interesting to see whether he has anything worthwhile to say.”

The University has expressed hope that Chalamet will bring his breadth of artistic expertise to the position, including but not limited to his fluency in the French language, his lauded rapping career as ‘Lil Timmy Tim’, and his seven years of ping-pong playing experience. 

Chalamet, Kylie Jenner, and EsDeeKid were all approached for comment. 

Reporting by Beatrix Arnold.

April Fools!



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