Student Life
Researchers discover that ancient floods “rewrote” civilizations along the Yangtze River
Around 4600 years ago, the Shijiahe developed an advanced, complex culture in China’s Middle Yangtze River region – complete with palaces, city walls, sophisticated water management, and jade and pottery industries. But within a thousand years, this culture had collapsed and migrated out of the region. Until now, the reason behind this was unclear – could this civilization have been driven out by raiders from the Central Plains? Or were major changes in climate and rainfall to blame?
To investigate, the research team analysed a stalagmite from Heshang Cave in the middle Yangtze Valley to create a precisely dated “rainfall yearbook”. Stalagmites grow as rainwater droplets fall from the roof of a cave, and the dissolved minerals within deposit new layers of calcium carbonate. These accumulate to form stalagmite cave features that rise up from the floor below.
Heshang Cave, in the middle Yangtze River valley
The team performed high-precision measurements on the chemical makeup of these layers to determine their age and the amount of rainfall at the time they formed. A total of 925 sample measurements were used to infer how much yearly rainfall the middle Yangtze Valley received over a thousand-year period.
Their reconstruction showed that the valley experienced three low-rainfall intervals (less than 700 mm of rain per year) which lasted between 40 and 150 years, and two high-rainfall intervals (more than 1,000 mm per year) which lasted 80 and 140 years respectively. Comparing this to archaeological data from the region revealed that these high-rainfall periods were associated with increased flooding, widespread wetland expansion, and a significant decline in population within the valley.
The area experienced a particularly large climate and cultural shift 3,950 years ago, which coincided with the start of the longest high-rainfall interval reconstructed by the research team. During this period, excess rainfall caused lakes across the Middle Yangtze valley to expand, low-lying areas to become waterlogged, and suitable land for settlement and farming to sharply diminish. The impact of this change was significant for the Shijiahe culture; a decline in the number of archaeological remains from this time onwards indicates a pronounced drop in population which persisted for centuries. Evidence suggests that the post-Shijiahe population abandoned their urban centre in the valley and dispersed into surrounding higher elevation regions.
The work builds on Oxford’s ‘Environmental Proxies’ and ‘Climotope’ research groups’ leading excellence in pioneering and developing quantitative reconstructions of past environments. This includes ongoing research into new geochemical techniques, and continued development of mass-spectrometry and geochemistry approaches. For instance, these groups were the first to pioneer the use of calcium isotope measurements of cave stalagmites to reconstruct rainfall amount, in readily understood units (i.e. mm of rainfall per year).
Corresponding author Dr Christopher Day (Department of Earth Sciences) said: ‘It is fabulous to see this 1000-year record of rainfall-amount now available to the scientific community. Such robust data sets are fundamental for understanding the functioning of our environmental systems in times of rapid change. They also enable close collaboration with a multitude of University of Oxford research teams working to tackle environmental challenges (e.g. environmental scientists, archaeologists, climate modellers).’
The new study stems from a long-standing collaboration between Oxford and a leading paleoclimate group at China University of Geosciences, Wuhan. This enabled lead author Dr Jin Liao (China University of Geosciences) to visit the Oxford team and use their specialist milling equipment to sample a stalagmite at very-high resolution. Isotope tools developed here in Oxford were then applied to provide accurate dates and a quantitative reconstruction of past rainfall.
The HS4 stalagmite which was used to create the ‘rainfall yearbook’
Co-author Professor Gideon Henderson (Department of Earth Sciences) said: ‘We’ve worked with our Chinese colleagues to understand Chinese climate change for many years, but only recently extended this work to assess how past societies in central China were impacted by changes in monsoon rainfall. The data, and the knowledge Jin brought about the Shijiahe culture, enabled us to demonstrate, for one of the first times, that high rain can cause problems for past societies, as well as drought conditions.’
According to the researchers, the findings offer valuable insights for addressing current and future environmental change. The analysis reveals that even the highest annual levels of rainfall during the period associated with the collapse of the Shijiahe civilization (1200 mm/yr) are lower than the highest yearly rainfall amounts recorded over the past 120 years (1500 mm/yr). Although modern water-management techniques have enabled this region to become a key rice-producing region in China, rising temperatures due to climate change are likely to increase the intensity of extreme floods, putting local populations at risk.
Dr. Jin Liao (China University of Geosciences, Wuhan), lead author of the study, said: ‘This not only reflects the limited adaptive capacity of ancient societies, but also highlights the critical importance of modern-day water management infrastructure, agricultural innovations, and governance systems in mitigating climate risks and safeguarding food security. Effectively managing these climate-driven extremes will thus become an essential challenge for achieving sustainable societal development in a climate-changing world.’
The study ‘Precise chronology of hydrological changes at ∼4.2 kyr in Central China to assess the impact of flooding on Neolithic societies’ has been published in National Science Review.
For more information about this story or republishing this content, please contact [email protected]
Student Life
St Edmund Hall unveils new eco-friendly accommodation
St Edmund Hall has opened new, sustainability-focused accommodation in Norham Gardens, one of Oxford’s most affluent neighbourhoods.
The College describes the buildings, which took three years to construct, as an “exemplar” of sustainability. Designed by architects Wright & Wright LLP, they are certified with a Passivhaus standard, widely regarded as the industry benchmark for energy efficiency, and were built using “sustainably sourced and low-embodied carbon materials”. According to a press release on the Teddy Hall website, the buildings will use 70% less energy than the typical modern building.
It contains 127 en-suite study rooms, split across three new buildings: Willis House, Ashton House, and Elliott House, on the nearly 50-year-old Norham St Edmund site. The buildings, which back onto University Parks, are powered at least in part by solar panels and are heated by air-source heat pumps.
The rooms include heated towel racks, big double beds, and dimmable lights. Despite the luxury, the College kept the nightly rate in line with the rest of its Norham housing. The College told Cherwell that it “recognises the need to keep rents as low as possible” and that its accommodation costs are “below the median of all Oxford colleges”. By that standard, tenants are expected to pay around £30 a night.
Rooms on the site will be reserved for Teddy Hall returning undergraduates. They will not be available to postgraduates and, by extension, not be offered through the Oxford University Collegiate Accommodation System, now in its second year of opening college rooms to students from other colleges. The accommodation will allow Teddy Hall to accommodate all undergraduates for their whole degree.
The development’s outdoor spaces are boasted as climate-resilient and biodiverse, with landscaped gardens and lawns. For budding geographers and biologists, the most intriguing feature may be an ecology pond.
Chancellor William Hague said in a press release: “Norham St Edmund is a world-leading blueprint for future student accommodation projects and sustainable building design, both in Oxford and beyond. I look forward to seeing it serve a thriving college community for generations to come.
Student Life
Summit calls for human rights safeguards on AI
Human rights experts called for stronger legal protections against the risks posed by artificial intelligence (AI) at an Oxford AI and Human Rights Summit, with speakers arguing that human rights standards must be embedded into AI governance and technology.
The summit was hosted at the newly redeveloped Rhodes House in Oxford and organised by the Institute for Ethics in AI. It built upon Professor Yuval Shany’s consultation on a white paper, published in 2025, on the need for and feasibility of an international AI Bill of Human Rights, which proposes ways to adapt existing human rights standards so as to better address some of the unique challenges posed by AI systems and their uses.
An opening video address from the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk outlined how AI policy can keep pace with a fast-developing technology. He said that “great power demands responsibility on the same scale, and when the two don’t match, we have a problem”. Corporate control, he explained, means that AI policy stretches beyond existing national borders. He continued to praise this summit for bringing together leaders and representatives at the forefront of the discussion.
Speakers called on the UK government to establish legislation, recalling Labour’s manifesto commitment to an AI Bill of Human Rights. The panellists broadly agreed on the importance of human rights, but appeared less aligned on what enforcement should look like in practice.
In an exclusive interview, Michael O’Flaherty, the Council of Europe’s Commissioner for Human Rights, told Cherwell that political short-termism Continued on pg. 2 risks undermining efforts to address the long-term consequences of AI. “We are infected across our societies with shorttermist responses to the great issue of our societies and politics,” he said, adding that electoral cycles make it difficult for politicians “to think beyond the next election”.
O’Flaherty also noted that younger generations no longer take the international human rights system for granted. “There is no longer an assumption that the human rights system is safe, that it will survive,” he told Cherwell. He argued that political leaders increasingly treat human rights selectively, saying: “Increasingly, leaders are treating human rights, if they are respected at all, as an a la carte buffet. We take those rights because they serve our goal. We’ll ignore others because they get in the way.
The summit also heard concerns about the effects of AI-generated misinformation on communities that may have limited access to, or awareness of, the technology itself. An audience question asked human rights experts to consider the impacts of AI on populations, such as those in India, who might be unaware of its existence. The focus on the impact of AI on populations in developing countries more vulnerable to the power of big tech was a key theme of the summit.
Eileen Carter from the South African Human Rights Commission warned that underrepresentation of African languages in large language models could exacerbate existing inequalities. She also raised concerns about the effects of misinformation and deepfakes on elections, referring to more than 360 deaths associated with unrest and the amplification of narratives.
The third panel, which offered a civil society perspective on promoting human rights in AI systems, offered some hope. Across all speakers, the potential for AI to transform the beliefs that underpin human rights, including the rights to water, education, and an interpreter, was debated. When asked about AI’s potential to unravel and alter the definition of human rights, such as what is included in the ‘right to education’ O’Flaherty told Cherwell: “The damage that can be done by AI has hit more dramatically and more visibly than perhaps any other sector within education through the phenomenon of cognitive loss, of cognitive transfer. We’re only beginning to realise the extent to which we have allowed education to be fundamentally undermined for an entire generation.
“It’s time to seize that now and engage it. I’m not sure that the classic understanding of the human right to education is particularly well-framed for this extraordinary development.”
In a discussion on different countries’ regulatory approach to AI, Suresh Venkatasubramanian, professor at Brown University and former AI advisor to US President Joe Biden, argued that AI systems should not be treated as inevitable developments beyond human control. “We continue, I think, to talk about AI as a thing that emerged out of nowhere that we just have to deal with,” he said. “We forget that these aren’t coming from an alien planet and they were built by entities that choose to build them in a certain way.” He called for pressure on technology companies to make different choices about how AI systems are developed.
Questions of accountability also emerged during discussions about AI’s potential to improve access to justice. Research presented by Philippa Webb said that only 10% of people who have access to a lawyer can get one while there are thousands of bookings for an interpreter in a court covering 150 languages. However, this progress is not cemented as “general-purpose chatbots hallucinate 58% of the time on a legal task”. The use of AI in moderating legal proceedings raised fundamental questions about humanity and authority. Thompson Chengeta from Liverpool John Moores University said that “human rights is the last line of defence so when we say we want a human rights based governance… human rights is not an idea, it is an obligation. There is a gap that can only be recovered by a legally binding instrument”.
The event culminated in a panel offering an industry perspective. Co-host Dr Caroline Emmer De Albuquerque Green questioned representatives from Meta, Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI. Michael Karimian, who works in digital diplomacy at Microsoft, discussed the role of private sectors in engaging with AI, defining corporate responsibility as something which “provides transparency and identified risks”.
All companies supported having formal programmes to ensure that they have an AI policy in place. Within their own companies, they suggested protective measures such as specialised training to ensure that policies, such as whistleblowing, are understood. Alexandria Walden from Google described how consultations with stakeholders could be used to identify when the product breached users’ boundaries. These assessments, according to OpenAI’s spokesperson, “feedback into tangible technical input” and “benchmark it”.
Fundamentally, understanding the rationale behind human rights is imperative, though lacking. Alexandria Walden from Google said: “Whether or not they understand human rights, they care enough to infuse it in their company… we might not always get it right, but it is something we care about.”
Where former panels discussed controls to ensure human rights are considered in the development and implementation of AI products, this panel focused on mitigation. A spokesperson from Google pointed out that technology is inevitably going to move faster, so multiple tools are needed. Companies, OpenAI’s representative noted, still encounter issues such as discrimination and free speech. Consequently, they regard this as an additional policy which companies have a structured model to deal with, but newer companies, and newer industries, haven’t learnt it yet.
In her concluding remarks, Green called for policy makers to “make the abstract actionable” at both governmental and corporate levels. She argued that, by framing the issues posed by AI as human rights issues, we gain a “foundation” for recognising AI’s many societal impacts.
Student Life
Oxford University launches Ebola vaccine trial in Uganda
Ugandan participants in a clinical safety study received an Oxford developed Ebola vaccine this week.
Researchers vaccinated the first participants on 6th October in Masaka, Uganda. The phase follows the launch of a first-in-human Phase I trial in the UK evaluating the same vaccine candidate.
They received the vaccine as part of an evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a ChAdOx-based Bundibugyo Ebola vaccine candidate developed by the Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG) and the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.
Development for this vaccine began in May this year in response to the ongoing Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The research, led by OVG’s Professor Teresa Lambe and Professor Simon Drysdale, is funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). No licenced vaccine for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola virus currently exists.
In a statement to Cherwell, OVG said its involvement includes collaborating with the Ugandan research team to support “the study’s scientific design, clinical trial coordination, safety oversight, and evaluation of vaccine safety and immunogenicity”. The Phase I clinical trial addresses a rare strain of Ebola virus affecting communities in the DRC since May. The phase is a collaboration between the Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM).
Dr Nicole Lurie, CEPI’s Executive Director for Emergency Preparedness and Response, told Cherwell: “It [the Bundibugyo outbreak] remains the fastest-growing and second-largest Ebola outbreak ever recorded – and we currently remain without a licensed vaccine or treatment.” The Bundibugyo Ebola epidemic in the DRC has surpassed 8,600 cases, with almost half of infections proving fatal.
The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in May.
OVG told Cherwell: “For more than a decade, the University of Oxford has performed many clinical trials of candidate viral-vectored vaccines. Some of the most promising vaccines used a modified chimpanzee adenovirus, a harmless version of a common cold virus. The Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1) COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use in the UK in December 2020 and was estimated to have saved six million lives during 2021 alone, and over 3 billion doses were used worldwide.” The adenovirus vector vaccine technology trialled in this study was successfully used worldwide as part of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.
More funding is necessary to ensure the development and approval of the Ebola vaccine. Lurie told Cherwell: “Without sufficient additional funding, we are at risk of not being able to develop these promising vaccine candidates… CEPI urgently needs US$128M now to keep our Bundibugyo emergency R&D response moving. Without it, we are putting the DRC, and the world, at tremendous risk.”
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